Brief on application of tungsten

Aug. 3, 2011 - PRLog -- In 1750s, the effect of tungsten on steel properties was used to be found. However, Tungsten carbide is widely used in the late 19th and early 20th century.
In the 1900 World Exhibition in Paris, high-speed steel was showed. Therefore, the tungsten extraction industry has been developing rapidly since then. This marks the major technological advances in metal cutting areas. Tungsten have become the most important alloying elements.
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In 1900, the Russian inventor А. Н. Ладыгин first proposed the application of tungsten in light bulbs. In 1909 Кулидж developed technology based on powder metallurgy, using pressure processing, and then tungsten is possible to be widely used in the power vacuum technology.
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1927 to 1928 was an important stage in the development history of tungsten, since hard alloy (tungsten carbide) based on tungsten carbide was developed. The property of these alloy are better than the best tool steel, and get widely used in modern technology.
Tungsten is widely used in modern technology as a state of pure metal and alloy system state. Alloy steel and heat resistant alloy based on tungsten carbide are the most important in the alloy state. Tungsten is mainly used in the following industries.　
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Iron and Steel Industry: Most of tungsten are used in producing special steel. Widely used high-speed steel contains 9% to 24% tungsten, 3.8% to 4.6% chromium, 1% to 5% vanadium, 4% to 7% cobalt, 0.7% to 1.5% carbon. HSS is characterized by a tempering temperature (700 ~ 800 ℃) in air, and can automatically quenching, therefore, until the 600 ~ 650 ℃ it still maintains high hardness and wear resistance. Tungsten steel in alloy tool steel contains 0.8% to 1.2% tungsten; chrome silicon steel containing 2% to 2.7% tungsten; chromium tungsten steel containing 2% to 9% of tungsten; chromium tungsten-manganese steel containing 0.5% 1.6% tungsten. Steel with tungsten is manufacturing of a variety of tools: such as drills, milling cutters, drawing mold, female mold and male mold, air tools and other supporting parts. Tungsten magnetic steel contains 5.2% to 6.2% tungsten, 0.68% to 0.78% carbon, 0.3% to 0.5% chromium magnet steels. Tungsten-cobalt magnetic steel has 11.5% to 14.5% tungsten, 5.5% to 6.5% molybdenum, 11.5% to 12.5% cobalt hard magnetic materials. They have high magnetization and coercive force.

Tungsten carbide: Tungsten carbide has high hardness, wear resistance and refractory nature. These alloys contain 85% to 95% tungsten carbide and 5% to 14% of cobalt. Cobalt as a binder metal, it has the necessary strength of the alloy. Tungsten carbide is mainly used for processing certain steel alloys, and also carbides containing titanium, tantalum and niobium. All of these alloys are manufactured by powder metallurgy. When heated to 1000 ~ 1100 ℃, they still have high hardness and wear resistance. The cutting speed of tungsten carbide cutting tools is far more than the best steel cutting tool. Tungsten carbide is mainly used for cutting tools, mining tools and drawing dies, etc.

Strong and heat resistant alloy: Metal tungsten, as the most difficult to melt, is a strong component of many hot-strong alloy, such as alloy composited by 3% to 15% tungsten, 25% to 35% chromium, 45% to 65% cobalt, 0.5% to 2.75% carbon, is mainly used for strong wear-resistant parts, such as aero-engine valve, the working parts of die keen knife, turbine impeller, excavation equipment, surface coating in plow.In aviation and rocket technology, and industries require high heat intensity on machine parts, engines and equipment, tungsten and other metals (tantalum, niobium, molybdenum, rhenium) alloy can be used for hot-strong materials.

Contact material and heavy alloy: Tungsten - copper (10% to 40% Cu) and tungsten - silver alloy made by powder metallurgy, have good electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity of copper and wear resistance of tungsten. Therefore, it can be contact material for knife switch, circuit breakers, welding electrodes and other parts. Tungsten heavy alloy composited by 90% to 95% tungsten, 1% to 6% nickel, and 1% to 4% copper, can be used in the manufacture of the gyroscope rotor, aircraft, balance weight for controlling the rudder, radiation shields and baskets for radioactive isotopes.

Electronic vacuum lighting material: tungsten wire, tungsten band, and various forging components is used for tube production, radio electronics and X-ray technology. Tungsten is the best material for tungsten filament in incandescent lamp and the spiral wire. High temperature (2200 ~ 2500 ℃) is to ensure a high luminous efficiency, and small evaporation rate to ensure long life wire. To do X-ray tube with tungsten and cathode of gas discharge tube, and radio equipment contact and atomic hydrogen welding torch electrode. Tungsten and tungsten rod is heater for a high-temperature furnace (up to 3000 ℃). Tungsten heater can work in hydrogen atmosphere, an inert atmosphere or vacuum.

Tungsten compounds: Tungstate is used for producing certain types of paints and pigments, and tungsten acid salts manufacturing as well as dyes, pigments, inks, plating and so on. It can be used as a catalyst.
Acid is dye in textile industry and catalyst in making high octane gasoline in chemical industry.
Tungsten disulfide in organic synthesis, is used as solid lubricant and catalyst, such as in making synthetic gas.

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