Generally speaking, culture is a social phenomenon. It is a long-term creation product that people formed. At the same time, it is also a historical phenomenon, which is a residue of social history. Rather, culture refers to a state or national history, geography, customs, traditions, lifestyle, literature, art, behaviors, ways of thinking and values, etc.
On cultural classification, based on culture structure and scope, HH Stern divided culture into two concepts: the broad and narrow sense of culture. Broad culture is the capital culture, (Culture with a big C), while narrow sense of the culture is lowercase culture (culture with a small c). Broadly speaking, Culture refers to the combined material and spiritual wealth created by human in the process of social and historical development. It includes three aspects: material culture, system culture and psychological culture. Material culture refers to all kinds of material civilization created by mankind, including transportation, clothing, daily necessities, etc. It is a visible dominant culture. System culture and psychological culture respectively refer to the living system, family system, social system and way of thinking, religion as well as aesthetics. They belong to invisible and hidden culture, including literature, philosophy, political and other aspects. The narrow sense of culture refers to popular social habits, such as daily life, customs, lifestyles and behavior norms.
Hammerly divided the culture into the information culture, behavior culture and achievement culture. Information culture refers to the general available information such as the social, geographical and historical knowledge of educated native speakers. Behavior culture refers to people’s lifestyle, actual behavior, attitudes, and values and so on. It is the most important factor in the success of communication. Achievement culture refers to the artistic and literary achievements. It is the traditional cultural concepts.
The internal structure of culture includes the following levels: physical state, system, behavior and mentality culture.
Physical state culture layer is the sum of material production of human activity. It is a palpable entity that has material and cultural things.
System culture layer is various social conducts in the formation of human social practice.
Behavior culture layer is human behavior pattern shown in the form of convention, customs, folklore and customs in interpersonal communication.
Mentality culture is the mentality of human activities in the social consciousness shaped by the values, aesthetics, ways of thinking and other subjective factors, which is equivalent known as the spirit of the culture and concepts of social consciousness. This is culture’s core.
Some cultural anthropologists divided culture into three levels: high culture, including philosophy, literature, art, religion, etc.; popular culture, which means the customs, rituals and life mode such as basic necessities and interpersonal relations in all aspects; and deep culture, which mainly refers to the definition of the values of beauty and ugliness, time orientation, the pace of life, problem-solving approach as well as gender, class, occupation and kinship of personal role. High culture and popular culture are rooted in deep culture. And one of the concepts of deep culture is reflected in popular culture in a custom or way of life or reflected in the high culture in an art form or literary themes.
Culture is a very broad concept. It is very difficult to give it a precise and accurate definition. Since the beginning of the 20th century, many philosophers, sociologists, anthropologists, historians and linguists have been working to try hard to discipline from their point of view to define the concept of culture. However, there is still no satisfactory definition that is accepted by people. According to statistics, there are at least more than 200 kinds of different definitions. The understanding of culture differs so much that it is enough to explain that the definition of culture concept is really difficult.
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