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Geothermal Power Technology 2009 : Green to the Core
Geothermal energy is a vast, renewable, low carbon energy source that can be converted to electricity and used to condition building environments. Improved technologies have the potential to access vast untapped geothermal energy sources, which experts estimate contain 50,000 times the energy of all oil and gas resources in the world. The technology can also help to address the critical issues of global warming, pollution and energy independence, and to provide a secure, safe, domestic source of energy.
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Current usage of geothermal technologies is limited. As of 2008, geothermal power supplies less than one percent of the world’s energy. Less than half of 1% of United States electrical power is provided utilizing geothermal sources. Iceland derives over a quarter of its electrical output from geothermal sources. The Philippines are nearing 25%. Indonesia, Italy, Mexico and New Zealand all have substantial geothermal power production programs.
However, increased development of geothermal technology will improve its acceptance and use by governments, other organizations and electrical utilities worldwide. Current usage of geothermal technologies is limited. As of 2008, geothermal power supplies less than one percent of the world's energy. Out of the two million heat pumps installed in the United States each year, just over 2 percent are geothermal. However, increased development of geothermal technology will improve its acceptance and use by governments, other organizations, developers and homeowners.
Current geothermal energy production in the United States is a $1.5 billion industry. As the global demand for clean, reliable, renewable energy increases, geothermal energy has become an attractive solution. This is true not only in the United States, where current capacity is about 3,000 megawatts (MW), but at numerous locations around the world. One area of increased emphasis is Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS) which offers the possibility of widely expanding the geographic range of geothermal power plant locations.
A 2007 Massachusetts Institute of Technology report calculated the United States’ total EGS resources extracted from 3-10 km in depth to be over 13,000 zettajoules (ZJ), of which over 200 ZJ would be extractable. The potential exists to increase this to over 2,000 ZJ with technology improvements. This level of energy production is sufficient to provide the world's current energy needs for several millennia.
Electricity generated from geothermal power offers a number of advantages:
Reliability
Renewability
Combustion-free
Very low emissions
Reduction in global warming
Domestic economic boon
Minimal land impact
Water conservation
Flexible plant growth
There are some disadvantages to the production of electricity from geothermal sources:
Limited geographic site locations
High start-up cost
Land subsidence may occur
Poor management can exhaust sites
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